What is the glycemic index?
Key points:
- A key indicator of a food's ability to raise blood sugar
- A qualitative indicator of carbohydrate "quality"
- The partner of glycemic load
What is the definition of glycemic index?
This is an index that reflects a food's ability to raise blood sugar levels within two hours of a meal.
What is blood glucose?
It's the amount of glucose in the blood...
It is worth remembering that glucose is an essential nutrient for energy supply, but its level is finely regulated by the body using complex systems in which insulin plays a role, among others.
This regulation of the level is essential and must be between 0.7 and 1.1g/L of blood, when fasting.
When a food is ingested and it contains carbohydrates, it raises blood sugar levels within 30 minutes of ingestion and consequently triggers the secretion of insulin (hypoglycemic) to regulate the level downwards.
What is the purpose of the glycemic index?
It is best to limit postprandial glucose spikes (i.e. after meals) because they will lead to a strong insulin secretion which is ultimately harmful.
To do this, we can refer to the glycemic index, which allows us to "quantify" this increase in blood glucose.
To put it simply, this concept of the glycemic index replaces the old notion of slow or fast sugar … To simplify:
- " Slow-release carbohydrates " have a low glycemic index and do not cause a significant spike in blood sugar.
- " Fast sugars " have a high glycemic index and cause a significant spike in blood sugar.
Knowing the glycemic index of a food therefore allows us to guide our food choices towards foods that cause a low or moderate spike in blood sugar.
What are the values of the indices and what do they mean?
The glycemic index is measured experimentally. It has a base of 100, which is the reference established from the ingestion of glucose (50g).
To establish this, volunteers are given a food to ingest, and the evolution of their blood glucose levels is measured over the following hours. The rise in postprandial blood glucose (for more information, see the definition of area under the curve) is then quantified and compared to that of glucose.
In practice:
- A food with a glycemic index (GI) below 55 is considered to have a low glycemic index.
- With a glycemic index (GI) between 55 and 70, the food is considered to have a moderate glycemic index.
- A food with a glycemic index (GI) above 70 is considered to have a high glycemic index.
Many tables of food glycemic indexes are available online. Feel free to consult them (for example HERE ).
Keep in mind that the nature of carbohydrates determines their glycemic index, but not only that: food processing also induces changes in the GI. One example is cooking pasta: al dente pasta has a lower glycemic index than overcooked pasta.