Ingredient information: Vitamin A
What is vitamin A?
The term vitamin A encompasses substances with properties similar to retinol. Vitamin A is essential for vision. It is a fat-soluble vitamin.
What are the properties of vitamin A?
Vitamin A, or retinol, is a long-chain alcohol that is soluble in fats. Provitamin A (which are carotenoid pigments) has biological activity comparable to vitamin A.
Vitamin A is not soluble in water and is sensitive to light, oxygen, and acidic environments.
Vitamin A derivatives are involved in two major functions:
- Cell differentiation
- The vision
Rhodopsin (a pigment present in the retina and necessary for twilight vision) and iodopsins (necessary for the perception of colors and shapes) are synthesized from vitamin A.
The involvement of vitamin A in cell division processes leads to more or less direct implications in other processes such as the immune response.
Beta-carotene, for its part, has an antioxidant effect ( ⚠️ smokers are advised against taking supplements without medical advice).
What foods are richest in vitamin A?
Retinol is found in animal products. Beta-carotene (provitamin A) is found in certain vegetables (generally yellow-orange in color, such as carrots, apricots, and mangoes).
Below are some examples of vitamin A concentration in common foods, expressed as retinol equivalent (RE) per 100g:
- Cod liver oil: > 18,000
- Liver: 1500 - 18,000
- Raw carrots: 1000 - 3500
- Cooked spinach: 500 - 1700
- Butter: 450-1200
- Eggs: 150 - 480
- Apricots: 75 - 580
- Cheeses 90 - 420
ER: 1 µg of retinol = 1 ER = 3.3 IU = 12 µg of Beta-carotene
⚠️ Vitamin A is sensitive to heat and oxidation.
The recommended daily intake is 650-750 µg RE/day in adults.
Vitamin A deficiency leads to:
- damage to the cornea (dryness, clouding) which can lead to blindness
- damage to the retina (particularly a decrease in night vision)
- skin dryness
- an increased susceptibility to infections
Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of childhood blindness in developing countries.
What are the health claims of vitamin A?
EFSA authorises the use of health claims for products containing vitamin A.
They must provide a minimum of 120 µg of vitamin A per 100g, 100ml or per portion.
Products meeting these criteria can claim to contribute to:
- normal energy metabolism
- to maintain normal skin and mucous membranes
- to normal vision
- to the normal functioning of the immune system
- to cellular specialization
- to normal iron metabolism
And what about Phytocea?
At Phytocea , we have chosen to incorporate Beta-carotene (Provitamin A) into the formula of Thyro , a nutraceutical food supplement designed to allow optimal thyroid function.
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Contraindications and side effects
⚠️ Excess vitamin A (above 3000 µg RE per day) is toxic and leads to:
- dry skin
- alopecia
- headaches
- impaired liver function
Therefore, supplements with very high doses of vitamin A or beta-carotene should be avoided.
⚠️ Smokers should not take vitamin A or beta-carotene supplements without medical advice.
⚠️ Do not combine supplementation with retinoic acid treatments (for acne).
⚠️ Supplementation in pregnant women is not recommended (maximum permissible daily dose = 1500 µg RE).